Essay on Comparing Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour

Comparing Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour Aggression and prosocial behaviour appear to be subject to very similar conditions, and processes. These two are discussed and compared along with correlations investigated by temperament theorists. The relevance of the Sherif (1953) experiment is examined, and used to illustrate how those with prosocial qualities and personalities can act in an aggressive manner at the same time, thereby bringing the idea of a continuum into doubt. The issues raised in the Sherif experiment are then re-applied to global instances of prosocial and aggressive behaviour. Prosocial behaviour is described by Eisenberg (1988) as voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another regardless of motive, while†¦show more content†¦The criteria for aggressive acts tend to mirror those of prosocial behaviour. Violent situations tend to escalate on the basis of reciprocation, (Toch, 1966), one antagonistic remark or action provokes an aggressive response and a tit-for-tat exchange builds to violent resolution. If the aggressor cannot see any benefits from his chosen course of behaviour however, he will tend to desist, if the risk of harm to himself. Of course the extent to which the reciprocation of both prosocial and aggressive behaviour continues depends both on situation and the inclination of those involved towards extremes. If the aggressor cannot see any benefits from his chosen course of behaviour however, if the risk of harm to himself, outweighs any positive results he can draw from a clash, he will tend to desist in the interest of self-preservation. Toch (1966) found in his case studies that certain violence-prone strategies can be employed to intensify and prolong aggressive exchanges. This tendency in aggressive subjects toward creating justifications for violence is paralleled in instances of prosocial behaviour where the helper will assess the need for assistance or kindness, according to standards of justice, influenced by both contemporary social standards and their own world view. A person more inclined to partake in prosocial behaviour will find it easier to justify a good deed. (Beirhoff,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Anger And Its Effects On The Individual s Welfare1147 Words   |  5 Pagesthe welfare of another compared to the self within the recalibrational theory. Anger works to gain the highest cost-effective WTR from others depending on bargaining position that is derived from an individual’s ability to inflict cost (through aggression) and confer benefits. The system has a biological basis and therefore is thought to have computational structures that calculate the possible welfare payoffs of an action for self and other and weighs these pay offs against each other. Sell et alRead MoreGames Being The Blame Of Violence2459 Words   |  10 Pagesthat the link between games and aggression was there. The Association concluded that video games did contribute to aggression but also stating there was â€Å"no single factor† of videogames to blame for it. In the report it was noted that â€Å"The research demonstrates a consistent relation between violent video game use and increases in aggressive behavior, aggressive cognitions and aggressive affect, and decreases in prosocial behaviour, empathy and sensitivity to aggression.† â€Å"It is the accumulation of riskRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Notes7715 Words   |  31 PagesDevelopment Sex – sexual anatomy and sexual behaviour Gender – perception of maleness or femaleness related to membership in a given society Week 8 Growing brain The brain grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body. By age 5, child’s brain weighs 90% of average adult brain weight, whereas total body weight is merely 30%. One reason is due to increase in the number of interconnections among cells. These interconnects allow for more complex communication between neurons, permitRead MoreThe Impact Of Self Esteem On The Relationship Between Empathy And Cyberbullying7843 Words   |  32 Pagesthe early 2000’s, is a unique and distinct form of bullying perpetrated through the use of electronic devices (Kowlaski Limber, 2013; Olweus, 2013; Williams Guerra, 2007). Cyberbullying has consequently been defined as an intentional act of aggression, inflicted through the use of computers, mobile phones and other electronic devices, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend themselves (Patchin Hinduja, 2006; Smith et al., 2014). Notably, there is much variabilityRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pagesto determine the consequences | | | |then compare the accuracy and efficiency. | |Evolutionary |David busy , |-explores origins of behaviour and their adaptive value | |psychology | |-study altruism, mate selection, jealousy in different | | | |species, cultures, timesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesthings are going as they should, management must monitor the organization’s performance and compare it with previously set goals. If there are any significant deviations, it is management’s job to get the organization back on track. This monitoring, comparing, and potential correcting is the controlling function. So, using the functional approach, the answer to the question â€Å"What do managers do?† is that they plan, organize, lead, and control. Management Roles In the late 1960s, Henry Mintzberg, then

Native Americans The New World Essay - 1909 Words

The fascination with Native Americans has been a constant with outsiders since explorers first â€Å"discovered† the New World. The biggest surge in this fascination came in the mid-19th century when the Indian Wars were starting to come to an end and the belief that Native Americans were disappearing, walking into the sunset never to be seen again. This led to an increase in the collecting of anything Native American, from artifacts to stories to portraits. The inevitable outcome of this was that Native Americans, who were never considered very highly to begin with, where now moved into a category of scientific interest to be study. This scientific interest in Native Americans is what many museums and other institutions based their collections and exhibits on and is one of the issues that many Native Americans have with how both their people and their culture were, and to some extent still are, represented in these places. These issues with museums and other institutions has led many tribes to not only protest these collections and demand the most sacred items back, but to also develop their own institution that not only tell the real story of their people from a non scientific point of view, but also show the proper resect for the sacred and religious artifacts. Religious sights and objects are a piece of many different groups culture, many of which require a certain level of respect. Within the United States Native American groups are reclaiming these objects for their ownShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The New World1261 Words   |  6 Pageshow the world expanded immensely starting in the 14th Century. By discovering a New World, opportunities for growth, development and freedom emerged almost instantaneously. But, the new conquers, particularly the British, faced many problems with the Native Americans and struggled with ways to coerce them into performing laborious tasks. Labor played a huge role in the New World, it served as income, means needed to survive and really make it in the new colony. Originally, Native Americans who hadRead MoreNative Americans And The New World1308 Words   |  6 PagesBeginning in the Sixteenth Century, Europeans sought to escape religious and class persecution by engaging on a journey to the New World. However, they were unaware that this â€Å"New World† was already inhabited by many groups of Native Americans, who had been established on the continent for thousands of years. At first, the two ethnic groups lived in relative peace. The colonists of Jamestown survived due to Powhatan’s tribe teaching them how to cultivate the land. However, things took a twisted turnRead MoreNative Americans And The New World1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe European colonists and the Native Americans of the New World were divergent from one another than similar. Native Americans had a more primitive lifestyle than the Europeans modern way of life. Europeans referred to themselves as â€Å"civilized† and looked at Native Americans as â€Å"savages.† In spite of that, Benjamin Franklin corresponded in, Remarks concerning the savages of North America, â€Å"Savages we call them, because their manners differ from ours, which we think the perfection of civility; theyRead MoreNative Americans Of The New World949 Words   |  4 Pages The remains of Kennewick Man tell us that humans migrated to the new world in waves. The Native Americans of the new world are probably not the original humans there. Based on DNA evidence and skeletal structure (predominately skull, but also pelvic as well as other aspects), the remains appear to have come from persons who resembled a more Caucasoid ancestry. It appears that through openings in continental ice sheets, (Land Bridge Theory) small populations were able to migrate south to the AmericasRead MoreNative Americans And The New World1976 Words   |  8 PagesWhen the colonists decided to travel to the New World, they were looking for the New World to better their lives. They came to gain knowledge of the world; which eventually they did from the Native Americans, and their own experiences. They were hoping for better opportunities within their colonies such as learning to manage money, to hunt and fish, and build homes for themselves; many did not know how to do these things before their travel. In the New World, they were also able to gain freedom, somethingRead MoreEssay about Europeans and Native Americans In The New World1107 Words   |  5 PagesEuropeans and Native Americans in the New World Disease and Medicine along with war and religion were three ways American history has changed. When the colonists came over from Europe they unknowingly changed the world forever in ways they couldnt have imagined. These effects were present to both Native Americans and Europeans. Some of these changes made life easier for both Native Americans and Europeans but some made relations worse too. And some effects wouldnt show up until it was too lateRead More Disease and Native American Demise During the European Conquest of the New World3721 Words   |  15 PagesDisease and Native American Demise During the European Conquest of the New World The European conquest of the new world was most commonly attributed to the superiority of the Europeans in all the facets of their confrontation. They had the superior weaponry, and were thought to have a superior intellect. After all, they were just bringing civilization to the new world, right? It sounds nice when you are learning about Columbus in grade school, but the traditional story is pretty far fromRead MoreEuropean Colonization Of The New World1224 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean colonization of the New World began during the European age of exploration and following the discovery of resources in the New World. The various motives of the Spanish, British, and French imperialists were reflected in the political, economic, and social changes that occurred in the areas each government claimed. These changes are very distinctive and led to drastic changes in their respective areas. Spanish conquistadors sought gold and treasure from uncharted lands. Backed by the infantileRead MoreAnalysis Of Colin Calloway s The First Colonies 1539 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience that neither the Colonists of the New World nor the Native Americans were considered monolithic. Instead, they were much more nuanced in their understanding of the multifaceted attributes of the cultural associations in the Colonial United States. Calloway surveys this intriguing story with illustrative and detailed ways that offer a pertinent starting point for any individual wanting to know more about how the European people and Native Americans cooperated or interacted with one anotherRead MoreEarly Settlers and Native Americans1038 Words   |  5 PagesEarly Settlers and Native Americans The entire clash of two different cultures dates back all the way into the beginning of the early European arrival. All the different countries in Europe were all trying to find there own place in the new world by claiming the land for their country. The English were among one of the first Europeans to arrive in the new world; and establish the first permanent settlement called Jamestown. The English later extended their settlements along the Atlantic coast,

Desplomarse free essay sample

I hold little more sacred than words. They are the blood of my life; yet I did not fall in love with them because â€Å"they mean something.† It is their vitality which seduced me. The way â€Å"correr† and â€Å"joy† use the tongue as a ski jump. It is their history and formation of syllables. How the word â€Å"aphrodisiac† wouldn’t be here if not for that goddess born of sea-foam. My favorite word, desplomarse, is Spanish for my least favorite meaning, â€Å"to collapse.† But taken literally, much of the word’s art will be lost; the history condensed to four syllables. Desplomarse was born from Latin explorers who first named lead â€Å"plumbum† and in its journey towards meaning, ventured into the Mediterranean. Sailors, amidst the spraying surf, would tie lead to a line and let it plummet straight through the water; the antiquated manner for measuring depth. Decades passed and over in the land of the English, the word â€Å"plumb† became a technical term for engineers to describe a straight line. We will write a custom essay sample on Desplomarse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then these fermenting syllables returned to Europe, to Spain, and with the negative prefix, â€Å"des,† and the reflexive suffix â€Å"se,† the word meaning to â€Å"un-straighten oneself,† reached adulthood. Now the point of this mini-etymology lesson? Desplomarse only exists because of the English and Latin languages. It serves as a blatant testimony of how languages are not separate entities. Although I love the word’s sound and its history, most of all, I love how it suggests maybe the Tower of Babble never existed. Maybe a monolingual tongue is all there is just with a more expansive vocabulary.

Othello Essays (1409 words) - Othello, Iago, Emilia, Michael Cassio

Othello Tush, never tell me! I take it much unkindly/ that thou, Iago, who hast had my purse/ as if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this./ (I. i. 1-3) From the beginning of Othello, Iago is portrayed as an antagonist, a villain who acts out of only his own interest. The acts that Iago engages in throughout Shakespeares Othello are erroneous acts. Iago is not insane and he can comprehend the difference between right and wrong. Shakespeare is known for his ability to focus on human flaws and teach us lessons from their misfortune. Iagos destiny with evil is due to his own flaws, jealousy, selfishness, and deceit. Because of these insecurities, Iago will stop at nothing to get even with Othello. By the end of the play, Iago becomes blind to all other aspects of life and solely focuses on his enemy. By using and exploiting others flaws, Iago pollutes all with his deceit and lies, turning them against each other to get what he wants. This evil villain makes sure he gets what he wants by taking advantage of the gullible characters no matter what the cost. When Iago tells Othello that Brabantio will try to annul his marriage to Desdemona, Othello replies that what he has done (as general of the Venetian army) for Venice will outweigh anything that Brabantio can say, Let him do his spite./ My services which I have the signiory/ which shall out-tongue his complaints. Tis yet to know/ which, when I know that boasting is an honor,/ I shall promulgate I fetch my life and being from men of royal siege. (I. ii. 18-27) In the beginning of the play, Othello is clearly confident in his prowess as a respectable military general and elite man of the time. He has no concerns with Desdemonas father and feels he can have whatever he wants because of his status. Othello is already allowing his head to swell and overlook any possible conflict. He is not at all worried and so his demise begins. Iagos jealousy is depicted early when he is suspicious of Othello pursuing his own wife, Emilia. Iago tries to have Desdemonas father do the work for him, but it does not work. Iagos rage grows and in the end of act I, he reveals his plan. The moor is of a free and open nature/ that thinks men honest that but seem to be so;/ and will as tenderly be led by th nose/ as asses are./ I havt! It is engendred! Hell and night/ must bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light./ (I. iii. 380-385) Iago is filled with hate for the Moor and his whole life is now consumed with revenge. Also at the end of the first scene in Cyprus, Iago speaks of his own motivations for his deceit. He says of Desdemona, Now I do love her too;/ not out of absolute lust, though for peradventure/ I do stand accountant for as great a sin,/ but partly led to diet my revenge/ for that I do suspect the lusty Moor/ hath leaped into my seat. (II. i. 268-272) He desired revenge for his own suspicion that Othello has gone to bed with Emilia. It is was killing on the inside and Iago would not be happy, Till I am evened with him, wife for wife;/ or failing so, yet that I put the Moor/ at least into a jealousy so strong/ that judgement cannot cure. (II. i. 276-279) He reveals that he wants to kill Othello from the inside, make him succumb under his own power. Othello was married happily to Desdemona, but Iago planted some doubts in Othellos mind concerning her unchaste lifestyle. Iago told Othello that his wife had been unfaithful and was lying in Cassios bed while they were married. Othello chose to believe this false story that Iago schemes up, and because of this his marriage was destroyed. All he could think about was his sweet Desdemona having a relationship with his first lieutenant. In doing this, he was also acting out of selfishness for not being promoted as Cassio was. One Michael Cassio, a Florentine/ a fellow almost damned in a

Controversy Has Been Revolving Around Cannabis For Decades, But The Pl

Controversy has been revolving around cannabis for decades, but the plant itself has been in existence for centuries. The plant as a whole has many different uses from medicinal, to recreational, to industrial. Cannabis' uses stretch from treating glaucoma patients all the way to making durable clothing. Marijuana, as it is also known, has been in use as far back as ancient times for it's psychoactive effects as well as for it's great healing properties, and continues to be used to the present day. Many myths and unknowns still exist around this plant despite many years of extensive testing, especially regarding the health and mental aspects of the plants usage. According to research, smoking cannabis is healthier than smoking tobacco, and the mental affects are relatively harmless and temporary. On the health side of the spectrum, marijuana has constantly been compared against tobacco. Approximately twenty years ago the United States Government did extensive research on the two plants in comparison to one another. However, those studies blatantly favored tobacco in the way that they were conducted in order to dampen the consumption of cannabis. "Due to the efforts of various federal agencies to discourage the use of marijuana in the 1970's the government, in a fit of "reefer madness", conducted several biased studies designed to return results that would equate marijuana smoking with tobacco smoking, or worse" (Dudley 1999). For example, the Berkeley carcinogenic tar studies of the late 1970's concluded that "marijuana is one-and-a-half times as carcinogenic as tobacco" (Dudley 1999). This finding was based solely on the tar content of the leaves of cannabis plants compared to that of tobacco plants, and also didn't take into consideration the fact that tobacco is grown with carcinogenic radioactive fertilizers to hasten its harvest. In addition, it was not considered that: marijuana smokers smoke the bud, not the leaf of the plant, which only contains 33% as much tar as tobacco; marijuana smokers do not smoke anywhere near as much as tobacco smokers; not one case of lung cancer has ever been linked to marijuana use; and cannabis, unlike tobacco does not cause any narrowing of the small air passageways in the lungs. In fact, it has been proven that marijuana actually dilates the air passages in the lungs, not constricts them. This is the reason many asthma sufferers turn to cannabis, to give them relief from attacks. "Doctors have postulated that marijuana may, in this respect, be more effective than all of the prescription drugs on the market" (Mendelson 1992). "Studies even show that due to marijuana's ability to clear the lungs of smog, pollutants, and cigarette smoke, it may actually reduce your risk of emphysema, bronchitis, and lung cancer" (Mendelson 1992). Smokers of cannabis have been shown in some cases to actually outlive nonsmokers by up to two years. Medium to heavy cigarette smokers can live seven to ten years longer simply by smoking cannabis. Cannabis is also ?better' than tobacco by the fact that it is not addictive. The active ingredient in marijuana is delta-9 THC (tetra-hydra-cannabinol). Nicotine is nowhere to be found in cannabis so therefore it is not addictive. It used to be believed that THC, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, was the cause of some brain and genetic damage. Those studies were done biasedly, however, and all have been disproved. In fact, the DEA's own Administrative Law Judge Francis Young has declared that "marijuana in its natural form is far safer than many foods we commonly consume" (Mendelson 1992). Along with the potential effects on the human body, the government and people in general are also concerned with the effects cannabis has on the human brain. It is an obvious fact that marijuana affects the brain in some way, if it didn't, there would be no purpose for it's recreational usage. The question is, is damage done to the brain? If so how extreme is it and is it permanent? Previous to the 1980's marijuana was believed to be in the same family as some opiates. Already included in the opiate family were drugs such as heroine and morphine. This obviously created an immediate association with such hard drugs, and marijuana was placed on Schedule 1 of the DEA's controlled-substance list

How to Master Expository Writing

How to Master Expository Writing Expository writing sounds formal and exacting (it is), but never fear, you already use it every day. Instruction manuals, textbooks, voter guides, research papers, news articles, posters, game directions, recipe books, movie reviews, furniture assembly instructions, city guides, white pages, certain blogs, and the academic essay are all examples of expository writing. Its the documentary film of the writing world.Expository writing informs readers by explaining, describing or exposing truth with a supporting set of facts. The goal is to enlighten your audience by presenting information in a clear and organized way. Think creatively, but expository writing is not creative writing. Support your argument, but expository writing is not persuasive writing.Straightforward expository writing builds your credibility. Its essential for writing winning proposals and grant applications, and informed decision definition essay titles could be Attributes of a Superhero, The Official Meaning of Fam ily, and Define Laziness: A Portrait of My Younger Brother.The Descriptive Essay – Describes an event, person, place, thing or idea with supporting details. This could be writing about a travel destination, an admirable or villainous character, your first cooking experience, or how you imagine the world without borders. Generously use vivid language, adjectives and adverbs, and imagery that involves all the senses to paint a picture for readers.The Explanatory Essay – Explains how something works or how to do something. Use this model to clarify unfamiliar terms or special vocabulary. Form comparisons or analogies if appropriate, connecting new information to knowledge the reader already has, or give a new perspective or insight. Possible explanatory essay titles might include: What Exactly is Bit Coin?, Latin Declensions: A Primer, and Understanding the Allegory of Animal Farm. A subs include how to make a soufflà ©, or how to clear a scuba mask underwater. Use direc tional verbs like rotate, mix, or blow when describing each step. Present a materials list, if applicable. Avoid lengthy phrasing, but be sure to include all information needed to get the job done.Fourth, outline to create an organized structure that flows logically.An outline deconstructs a complex subject into small, understandable components. The conventional outline form helps organize your points in a logical order. Sequence is especially important when explaining steps in a process. You neednt be a slave to the form. Make the outline work for you.Now, structure the essay into paragraphs: the introductory paragraph, the body, and the concluding paragraph. The introductory paragraph must hook the readers and hold their attention. A hook could be a scintillating fact, an astounding statistic, a fitting simile, a stirring quote or a joke. A narrative opening introduces the topic with a riveting anecdote or story. The reader feels she must know what happens next. Rhetorical questio ns as opening hooks might engage some readers, but may be considered inappropriate for academic essays. Place the thesis statement around the middle or end of the introductory paragraph.The body is usually formed by two to five paragraphs. Each paragraph in the body has a topic sentence that directly relates to the thesis. Support each topic sentence with evidence. Use facts, examples or anecdotes that your readers will understand. Put your most important messages in the first paragraphs, and in the first sentences of those paragraphs. Fill in the paragraphs by providing readers with all the necessary information. Check that the transition from one body paragraph to the next seems logical and natural.The concluding paragraph closes the essay by restating the main idea and salient points in a new way. Beyond summarizing, give the audience a final thought or call to action. Avoid digressing into new issues. Explain why your reader should care about your idea. You may end with a quote that sums up the essence of the essay.Check again for a logical connection between the introduction, body paragraphs and the conclusion.Finally, transform the outline into proseSelect a point-of-view (i.e. a first-, second-, or third-person narrator). Journalists write effective exposition using all perspectives.Write the paragraphs, smoothly incorporating your supporting evidence, and integrating quotations or paraphrasing.Expository prose is objective. Present the facts, even if you do not like them.Cite your sources according to conventions appropriate to your audience, be it MLA or APA, newspaper-style attribution, or the Web protocol of linking to source information.Accuracy and objectivity build your credibility. Dont call something a fact unless it is verifiable. Refrain from superlatives, such as best or most unless they can be quantified. Provide a date instead of writing recently. State 73% instead of writing many or more.Delete any word that does not add anything crucial to the meaning of a sentence. Discard information that seems interesting, but is not germane to the immediate topic. Less is more.Fact-check, proofread and review. Check spelling and grammar. Ask someone who understands your topic to check for accuracy. Ask someone unfamiliar with your topic to check for clarity. Consider any suggested edits, ultimately relying on your own judgment. Polish the final draft.You, the expository writer, are the most important figure in your essay. The reader will gain understanding of a topic important to you, through the clarity, integrity and knowledge of your author-voice. At the same time, you gain credibility and a reputation for fair, accurate analysis. When trust is paramount, issues are complex, and the stakes of decision-making are high, do employ industry experts and professional writers to help you inform your audience.

Quantitative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quantitative analysis - Essay Example The measurement is based on a proper sequence, and time intervals are equally distant and uniform (Schelter, Winterhalder et al. 319). The main aim of this kind of analysis is to determine any possible existence of a pattern or sequence in a given set of data. The time series analysis itself offers variety of methods, namely the forecasting approach, the univariate approach, which involves limited variables, and other advanced techniques like Gaussian and Box-Jenkins model. Large number of events can be counted as examples of time series analysis that we see in our daily life in our routine activities. For example, the constant rise in the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, the rise in salary, local currency depreciation, annual budgets estimation and comparison with the past values and prediction of upcoming budgets – all these things are possible through the effective tool known as time series analysis. Time series analysis is a vast entity in itself and contains various other methods and approaches, which makes it one of the most effective means of quantitative analysis of data. Various types of Time Series Analysis Continuous time series As the name applies, the samples and patterns are collected over a continuous and recurrent time frame (Tsay 287). Discrete In contrast to continuous time series, the discrete method attains certain values at fixed and definitive moments. Deterministic vs. Stochastic The data so obtained is deterministic in nature, that is, the accuracy and predication level is relatively high and accurate. The stochastic method involves relative use of probability and assumption based on the trends. These trends are collected from the past and present values, which enables the prediction of future trends. Advantages There are a number of advantages attached to this form of analysis; the first and foremost is the possibility to analyze things based on solid foundations and evidence, which involves study and consideration of sampl es and patterns from past values and may include the data from present values if a future trend is to be determined. It enables gathering data on a more consistent pattern that is relatively more reliable. Another advantage of this pattern is the co-relational factor and dependency between the variables involved. With the element of dependency in the analysis, the results become more reliable and consistent, and in such cases a change in one, or any other alteration, might result in disturbance and variation in the other, so the entire system is under a uniform control and each entity is dependent on the presence and behavior of the other entity in the system under analysis. Due to this feature, it has the ability to determine the linear and non-linear functions and relations. Other salient features of time series analysis include constant observation, with no data missing in-between, and the time slots and observational chunks are equally spaced. Applications Though time series ana lysis finds its application in a large number of places and circumstances, the most notable of them is the process of forecasting. Forecasting is an essential tool of managerial world and in other processes where predictions are needed and made about a certain future value. Time series analysis is the best tool for it. The process is naturally designed in such a way that completely fulfils the requirements of a